3
Core Financial Statements
10
Critical Numbers to Track
Moutai
Case Study Company

The Three Statements Every Investor Must Read

Every public company releases three financial statements quarterly. Together, they tell the complete story of a business. Think of them as: what you earned (Income Statement), what you own (Balance Sheet), and what actually moved through the bank (Cash Flow Statement).

Statement 1: Income Statement — The Scorecard

The income statement shows revenue, costs, and profit over a period. Key lines to focus on:

💡 Income Statement Key Metrics

  • Revenue — is it growing? How fast? From price increases or volume?
  • Gross Margin — higher is better; shows pricing power (Moutai: 91%!)
  • Operating Margin — includes operating costs; shows operational efficiency
  • Net Income — the bottom line, but can be manipulated by accounting choices

Statement 2: Balance Sheet — The Health Check

The balance sheet is a snapshot of assets, liabilities, and equity at one point in time. Assets = Liabilities + Equity.

💡 Balance Sheet Key Metrics

  • Cash and Equivalents — the war chest; can the company survive a crisis?
  • Total Debt — how leveraged is the company? Debt/Equity ratio tells you
  • Accounts Receivable — if growing faster than revenue, customers aren't paying on time
  • Inventory — rising inventory can signal weak demand

Statement 3: Cash Flow Statement — The Truth

Revenue and profit can be manipulated through accounting. Cash flow cannot. The cash flow statement shows actual money moving in and out.

💡 Cash Flow Key Metrics

  • Operating Cash Flow — cash generated from core business activities
  • Capital Expenditures (CapEx) — money spent on maintaining/growing the business
  • Free Cash Flow = Operating Cash Flow - CapEx — what's left for shareholders
  • If FCF is consistently less than Net Income — earnings quality is poor

The 10 Numbers That Matter Most

#MetricWhat It Tells YouIdeal Value
1Revenue GrowthBusiness momentum>10%/yr
2Gross MarginPricing power>40%
3Operating MarginOperational efficiency>20%
4Net MarginBottom-line profitability>15%
5ROEReturn on equity>15%
6Debt/EquityLeverage risk<0.5
7Current RatioShort-term liquidity>1.5
8FCF/Net IncomeEarnings quality>80%
9Revenue per EmployeeProductivityIndustry-dependent
10Dividend Payout RatioSustainability<60%

💡 Financial Statements — Key Summary

  • Income Statement = what you earned; Balance Sheet = what you own; Cash Flow = what's real
  • Gross margin is the single best indicator of competitive advantage
  • Cash flow is harder to manipulate than earnings — follow the cash
  • The 10 key numbers give you 80% of the analytical value
  • Read statements in order: Income → Balance Sheet → Cash Flow
  • Compare metrics to industry peers, not in isolation

三张表的关系:一个餐厅老板的故事

老陈开了一家餐厅。年底他需要搞清楚三件事:

💡 三张表各回答一个核心问题

  • 利润表 → 今年赚了多少钱?(收入 - 成本 = 利润)
  • 资产负债表 → 我现在有什么(资产)、欠什么(负债)、净值多少(股东权益)?
  • 现金流量表 → 我的钱从哪来、花到哪去了?账上还剩多少现金?

利润表告诉你赚钱能力,资产负债表告诉你家底厚薄,现金流量表告诉你钱是不是真的到手了。三张表互相关联、互相验证——任何一张表都不能单独使用。

利润表:看的不只是「利润」

利润表的结构很简单:收入 → 减去各种成本和费用 → 得到净利润。但关键不在最后一行的净利润数字,而在于中间的结构。

指标茅台2024含义好坏标准
营业收入1,505亿卖了多少钱持续增长
营业成本115亿直接成本越低越好
毛利率92.4%产品定价权>40% 优秀
销售费用36亿推广花费占收入<10%
管理费用72亿公司运营开支占收入<8%
营业利润1,073亿主业赚钱能力持续增长
净利润862亿最终利润看趋势

茅台的毛利率92.4%意味着什么?每卖100块钱的茅台酒,成本只有7.6块。这种定价权,就是护城河的数学表现。

资产负债表:看家底

资产负债表遵循一个永恒的等式:资产 = 负债 + 股东权益。简单说,你拥有的一切 = 你欠别人的 + 你自己的。

💡 资产负债表的关键看点

  • 现金及等价物 → 公司的「救命粮」。茅台有2000+亿现金
  • 应收账款 → 钱还没到手。如果应收账款增长比收入快,说明可能在赊销
  • 存货 → 对茅台来说存货越多越好(酒越陈越值钱)。但对科技公司则相反
  • 商誉 → 收购溢价。商誉太高可能是管理层乱花钱的信号
  • 总负债/总资产 → 资产负债率。低于50%比较安全
  • 净资产收益率(ROE)→ 股东的钱用得有多好。>15%为优秀

现金流量表:真金白银

"利润只是一个意见,但现金流是事实。"

— 投资界格言

利润可以通过会计手段调节——提前确认收入、延迟确认费用、改变折旧方法。但现金流很难造假——钱有没有进银行账户,查一下就知道。

类型含义健康信号
经营活动现金流日常生意赚的钱应该为正,且>净利润
投资活动现金流买设备/投资花的钱通常为负(在投资)
融资活动现金流借钱/还钱/分红成熟公司通常为负(在分红)
自由现金流经营-资本支出越高越好,段永平最看重这个

段永平说好公司「躺着赚钱,纯粹的现金流入」。如果一家公司净利润很高但经营现金流很低,说明利润可能有水分——钱赚了但没到手。

10个最关键的数字

💡 财报速查清单(10个必看数字)

  • 1. 毛利率 → 是否有定价权(>40%为优秀)
  • 2. 净利率 → 最终赚钱效率(>15%为优秀)
  • 3. ROE → 股东资本回报率(>15%为优秀,最好连续5年)
  • 4. 营收增速 → 是否在增长(对比行业平均)
  • 5. 经营现金流/净利润 → 是否>1(利润是否变成了真钱)
  • 6. 资产负债率 → 是否<50%(负债是否安全)
  • 7. 自由现金流 → 是否为正且增长(段永平最爱的指标)
  • 8. 应收账款增速 → 是否<营收增速(没有赊销隐患)
  • 9. 存货周转率 → 是否合理(行业不同标准不同)
  • 10. 商誉/总资产 → 是否<20%(没有过度收购)

建议用同一家公司至少5年的数据来练习。趋势比单个数字重要得多。推荐练习标的:贵州茅台(600519)、苹果(AAPL)、腾讯(0700.HK)。